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======802.11======

Wireless networking in Linux is really easy to use. The wireless-tools allow to explore and configure wireless network.

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=====Contents=====

  * [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/#Wireless_card_mode|1 Wireless card mode]]
  * [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/#Wireless_security|2 Wireless security]]
    * [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/#WEP|2.1 WEP]]
    * [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/#WPA|2.2 WPA]]
  * [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/#Useful_commands|3 Useful commands]]
    * [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/#Find_access_point|3.1 Find access point]]
    * [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/#Find_if_you_are_connected_or_not|3.2 Find if you are connected or not]]
  * [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/#Kernel_support|4 Kernel support]]
  * [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/#Hardware_compatibility|5 Hardware compatibility]]
    * [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/#ipw2200|5.1 ipw2200]]
  * [[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/#Links|6 Links]]

=====  Wireless card mode =====

  *  Managed: one access point and one or more client. To use this mode you have to use the command:
<code>iwconfig netcard essid myessid mode Managed</code>

where netcard is the network identifier (eth1, wlan0, ...) and essid the wireless network [[http://en.wikipedia.com/wiki/service_set_identifier|SSID]].

  *  Ad-hoc: it's a client to client connection. To use this mode you have to use the command:
<code>iwconfig netcard mode Ad-hoc essid myessid</code>

  *  Master: in this mode, your wireless card act like an access point, only few network adapter support this mode (you have to patch the driver with hostap).
<code>iwconfig netcard mode Master essid myessid</code>
=====  Wireless security =====
====  WEP ====

WEP stands for ([[http://en.wikipedia.com/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy|Wired Equivalent Privacy]]). It is currently deprecated by WPA ([[http://en.wikipedia.com/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access|Wi-Fi Protected Access]]).
To set WEP key, use the following command:
<code>iwconfig netcard key mykey</code>

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If you want to change your WEP key (access point support 4 keys), you can use this script (found on linuxfr.org)
<code>RANDOM=$$$(date +%s)
keynumber=$[ ( $RANDOM % 4 ) + 1 ]
iwconfig eth1 key [1] key1
iwconfig eth1 key [2] key2
iwconfig eth1 key [3] key3
iwconfig eth1 key [4] key4
iwconfig eth1 key [$keynumber]
iwconfig eth1 key on</code>

You can generate a WEP key from a passphrase but iwconfig doesn't support this option. The key is generated using md5. The following script in perl creates a key from a passphrase :
<code>#!/usr/bin/perl
# Perl script to convert a passphrase to a WEP key.
# By Aki Mimoto

use strict;
@ARGV or die "Usage: $0 passphrase\n";
print generate_key( @ARGV ), "\n";

sub generate_key {
# --------------------------------------------------
        require Digest::MD5;
        return substr Digest::MD5::md5_hex( substr( shift() x 64, 0, 64 ) ), 0, 26;
}</code>

It will work with a lot of access points except Apple because they don't use the same implementation.

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====  WPA ====

WPA works in Linux. You need an agent program (supplicant), which maintains security associations online. There are two programs for that:

  *  [[http://hostap.epitest.fi/wpa_supplicant/|wpa_supplicant]]
  *  xsupplicant, part of [[http://open1x.sourceforge.net/|Open1X project]]
=====  Useful commands =====
====  Find access point ====

You can scan wireless network with the command:
<code>iwlist netcard scanning.</code>
====  Find if you are connected or not ====

You can know if you are connect or not using
<code>iwconfig</code>

or just with the command:
<code>iwgetid netcard -p</code>

If you see unassociated you are not connected to the wireless network.
=====  Kernel support =====

Before 2.6.14, ieee80211 was not in the kernel source; now it is. [[http://en.wikipedia.com/wiki/IEEE_802.11|IEEE 802.11]] is a wireless communication standard. You can find a description in the 802.11 header in /usr/include/net.
=====  Hardware compatibility =====

Before buying a wireless card take care about its Linux compatibility, not all cards are supported.

To find a suitable card, you have to google, but take care about exact version/revision of the card, 2 versions of a card don't have the same chips.

The chips that are supported on linux are: ipw2200, ipw2100, atheros, prism, ...
====  ipw2200 ====

The ipw2200 chipset (Centrino laptop) is supported by linux. After the 2.6.14 kernel, the ipw2200 is included in the main kernel tree. 
This driver doesn't allow packet injections (packets are dropped by Firmware), this is why you can't use the card using this chipset in Master Mode (to act like an access point).

Contrary to what is written on the Lan Ressource, the ipw2200 supports Monitor mode.
=====  Links =====

[[https://hewlettpackard.github.io/wireless-tools/|The wireless LAN ressource for Linux]]
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